Clean Energy for a Greener World

China's independently developed 30-megawatt pure hydrogen gas turbine

by John Maryon

Before the Industrial Revolution got underway the demand for energy was modest. Humans lived within the limits of nature to replenish what they had consumed.  Intrepid sailors were able to sail on their long journeys round the world, without consuming any fuel for propulsion by using the energy of wild and unpredictable winds. Windmills were a common sight grinding corn for their local communities and the new growing towns. Waterwheels had by 1500 become the principal source of motive power and were to make a significant contribution to the coming great era of factory expansion.
Two great inventions however were to lead unprecedented  changes. First the perfection of the steam engine in the 18th century followed by the internal combustion engine at the end of the 19th. The arrival of steam saw coal production rise by 500 per cent between 1750 and 1850. And so began an age of dark mills, blackened buildings, thick fog and congested lungs. With the arrival of petrol and diesel even greater pollution was placed into the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide levels began to climb and the planet slowly started to become warmer. The greenhouse effect has become a subject of great concern. It is very real and the evidence is there for all to see. However there are those who through ignorance deny reality and still others who know but keep quiet to appease the fossil fuel lobby. 
Today we do have many answers to the great challenge of the age. If greed, profiteering and selfish indulgence, all symptoms of acute capitalism by the way, can be overcome we may face the future with more confidence. People’s China with its 1.4 billion population and enormous industrial capacity has an urgent need to prioritise carbon reduction. Importantly it has responded with impressive actions in stark contrast to those who preach and condemn while achieving nothing.  China  is able to produce electric vehicles that are superbly innovative, of top quality and at a third of the cost of Western products.  Their impressive high speed rail network continues to expand rapidly and become technically more advanced. China produces solar panels and wind turbines on a vast scale. Impressive dams have tamed surging rivers to provide an abundance of cheap hydro-electric power. 
China is investing heavily in scientific research with the aim of providing practically unlimited amounts of low cost, carbon free electricity, safety and without pollution.  Two of those important areas are worthy of merit. The first is fusion in which energy is released when atoms are fused together, like a miniature sun. In 1958 the Soviet Union became the first country to build a small experimental Tokamak reactor using confinement technology.  The challenge is to contain very high temperature plasma using powerful magnetic fields and to sustain it for an extended period of time.  The fuels for the process are isotopes of hydrogen which occur in abundance and the waste products consist of the inert gas helium, plus tritium. The latter is radioactive but has a much shorter half life than the heavy elements resulting from fission. Compared to conventional fission processes fusion is much less hazardous to the environment and human health. Today China is building a prototype 20MW reactor and is closely collaborating with a number of European states. 
Secondly an intrinsically more safe type of fission device, the Thorium Based Molten Salt Reactor, is being developed.  With thousands of years of fuel supply the technology will be in great demand worldwide. Basically the process works on the Thorium cycle. The safe primary fuel, Thorium232, is bombarded with neutrons to transform it via two beta decays  into fissionable Uranium233. The system can breed more fission fuel than consumed. This fuel is contained in a  molten salt liquid which can be easily drained out in an emergency.  The liquid fuel mixture also  expands as it heats reducing the fission strength of the reactor fuel which reduces the heat output contributing to ensuring greater safety. The technology makes small and portable reactors possible. The United States has considerable technical experience but it is China that is putting the technology to good use. Currently a large container ship with such a power source is being constructed. It will be able to sail the seven seas for decades without refuelling, saving vast amounts of fossil fuel consumption. It would also be able to economically travel greater distances so avoiding sea areas that an adversary could easily block. 
Hydrogen is an excellent fuel that is green and clean at the point of use and can be used for domestic heating, internal combustion engines and industrial processes.  However up to now unless it was produced by electrolysis of water to make oxygen and hydrogen using green electricity most commercial output was achieved by the cheaper process of steam reforming of natural gas.  This method releases emissions of the greenhouse gas Carbon Dioxide.  A new technology plant built in China's Jilin province is hailed  as the world's largest integrated green, Hydrogen-Ammonia-Methonal project. The first phase of the state owned enterprise plant will produce 450,000 metric tons of green hydrogen each year representing 20 % of China's requirement in addition to other green chemicals.  It will save over 600,000 tons of coal annually. The plant makes excellent use solar and wind energy reinforcing an integrated approach that contributes to China's transition to a modern industrial structure.
People's China has shown the way forward towards a world of shared abundance that remains green, sustainable and affordable.  Without vested interests to lobby for denial or a short term approach that neglects essential infrastructure investment the country forges ahead.  In the Western economies people remain cold in fear of facing expensive heating costs while factories close when faced with prohibitive energy prices they become uncompetitive .  A lack of forward planning, years of neglect and under investment within a capitalist market driven by the obsession for maximum quick profits has been fatal.  Matters have been made much worse in Europe due to their sanctions on cheap Russian energy which has created the highest gas prices in the world.  And we should not forget, or forgive, the tragedy of imperialist wars and conflicts that leave desperate families huddled together cold and hungry in their tents while an uncaring elite pretend that they cannot hear the children cry. 
The world needs to wake up before it's too late. Before the rich diversity of plant and animal life is destroyed, crops fail, severe weather events increase and a run away greenhouse effect overheats our planet.  China has been able to demonstrate that socialism can provide both the technical means and  necessary conditions for overcoming the challenges that lie ahead.  We need socialism and we need it now.  So let's step up the class struggle, as we enter 2026, and work together for a better world!

Trump in Davos

In Roman days the Emperors surrounded themselves with flatterers who fawned over every word they said while the slaves and the overly ambitious were kept in their place through fear of the legions, the lash or crucifixion. But these “rulers of the world”, who were worshipped as gods, realised that terror was not enough. The generals and the patricians with their vast estates and hordes of slaves had to spread some of it about with free food, blood-soaked ‘games’ and the ferocious races of the arena to entertain the well-to-do and keep the poor and the slaves happy. These days the “leader of the free world” simply relies on brute force and economic blackmail to get his own way and gives little or nothing back in return.
Donald Trump, who seeks to “Make America Great Again” largely at the expense of his European allies, did little to mask his contempt for  them at the World Economic Forum in Davos last week. At Davos he tried to belittle and brow-beat them into handing Greenland over to the United States. He’s now settled for some sort of deal that will give the Americans more military bases in the Arctic territory as well as exclusive rights to the mineral wealth that supposedly lies under the ice-caps of the Danish territory. 
Trump is getting on. He’s frail and may well be losing his marbles. But the hard-headed industrialists, hi-tech tycoons and the leaders of the energy corporations who stand behind him are not. They are well aware of the fact that Starmer and his friends in France and Germany are clearly hoping to stand-still all the American president’s initiatives until Trump’s final term of office ends to prolong the proxy war against Russia that the Europeans fear is going to be settled over their heads in secret talks with Putin.
These people put Trump into the White House in the first place. When Trump goes they’ll find another to do their bidding. They don’t want the Democrats or the “new world order” though we can see that they certainly want some sort of oligarchal “new order” for the United States.
Starmer and the leaders of Franco-German imperialism seem to think that they pulled one over The Donald by making him lose face over Greenland and boycotting his rubbishy “Board of Peace” which the White House wants to supervise the reconstruction of the Gaza Strip. That, of course, remains to be seen.

Burnham’s call

The resignation of a Manchester MP has paved the way for a comeback for the Mayor of Greater Manchester at the by-election in a safe Labour seat which Andy Burnham needs if he is ever going to make his bid for the Labour leadership. Starmer’s gang and the ageing Blairites who surround him have already launched a whisper campaign against Burham who has done little to mask his political ambitions in recent days. But Starmer has been warned by backbenchers and union leaders that any stitch-up to prevent Burnham potentially returning to Westminster would split the party. If that happens the Greens and the Corbynistas are waiting to pick up the pieces...

Nuclear power and the Green agenda

 by Ben Soton

The Poverty of Green Philosophy – A Marxist Case for Nuclear Energy in a Cooperative World by Bill Sacks and Greg Meyerson. Carus Books, 2026. Paperback: 400pp, rrp £21.99.

In this detailed study Sacks and Meyerson deliver a Marxist case for nuclear energy.  They also undertake a critique of Green Philosophy; both its eco-socialist and eco-modernist (pro-capitalist) variants. Their argument centres on the failings of Renewable Energy and they accept the existence of Anthropogenic Global Warming (AGW) –  the process of climate change since the Industrial Revolution.  
Sacks and Meyerson claim that although solar and wind power are free and in abundant supply they are highly inefficient; resulting in a very low Energy Return on Investment (EROI).  Their study points to the high input of land required for both solar power and wind farms, combined with a low output. They state that waste solar panels are highly polluting and that both forms of renewable energy lack the efficiency of nuclear power.  The precious metals required for the production of solar panels would result in price rises for materials already needed for the production of consumer goods such as computers and mobile phones.  Perhaps the crux of their argument is that nuclear fuel can be re-used whilst uranium can be extracted from seawater; making its supply almost endless.    
Strong Nuclear Force, the strongest force in the known universe, holds together the nuclei of atoms.  If released through nuclear fission it can produce enormous levels of energy, with a subsequently high EROI.  Sacks and Meyerson attempt to reassure us about the safety of nuclear power plants and concerns over radiation. The accidents at Chernobyl in 1987 and Fukushima in 2011 were not the same as nuclear bomb blasts but steam turbine explosions and the corresponding damage done by radiation has been exaggerated. Meanwhile they remind us that radiation is omitted from numerous sources including rocks, various food stuffs including bananas as well as mobile phones, microwave ovens and building materials.
Sacks and Meyerson make coherent case against the Green Left. They argue that an economy based entirely on renewables would result a net drop in energy use and a subsequent decline in economic growth and living standards. As one would expect they are highly critical of the “small is beautiful” argument put forward by the economist E F Schumacher. 
Schumacher favoured small scale, handicraft industry over large scale production claiming that capitalism had destroyed locally based handicraft industries. Central to this view is that nuclear power, with its highly centralised power plants is inherently capitalist; whilst renewables, which tend to be much more dispersed are inherently socialist. The authors advocate control over the nuclear industry by a socialist state. In other words socialism means scaling up not scaling down. 
It should be pointed out that renewables are still in their infancy compared to both nuclear and fossil fuels. The first wind farm in Britain opened in 1991 whereas the use of nuclear power dates back to the 1950s.  Why not advocate greater research and development into renewables; with a view to using them alongside nuclear power?
Meanwhile with climate-denialism on the rise, a critique of it might be a good idea; however the book presents some excellent arguments about the failure of capitalism.  Sacks and Meyerson’s argument is nonetheless a highly valuable contribution to the ongoing discussion around the obvious need to de-carbonise energy production.

War and peace - a Ukrainian tragedy

by Alan Stewart

Hubris: The Origins of Russia's War Against Ukraine by Jonathan Haslam, Bloomsbury 

2025. 368 pp RRP: paperback £10.99; hardback £27.99; eBook £8.79.

 

The war in Ukraine started in February 2022 and has been raging for nearly four years.

It is the biggest conflict fought in Europe since World War Two by far. It has claimed hundreds of thousands of lives – both civilians and combatants.

Jonathan Haslam is a widely respected history professor. In his latest, highly acclaimed book he attempts to explain what led to the Russian intervention.

He notes that on 9 February 1990 – at the end of the Cold War –  the US Secretary of State, the emollient James Baker, assured Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev that NATO's jurisdiction or forces would "not move one inch eastwards”. Yet in 1999 Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic all joined NATO.  It was the first wave of post-Cold War enlargement. NATO itself called it a "historic moment”. And then in 2004 the "big bang" enlargement brought in seven more countries. This included the Baltic states – the former Soviet republics of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. All this further deepened Russia's sense that it was gradually being isolated and encircled.

Then in 2008 NATO made known plans to accelerate entry for two other ex-Soviet states, Georgia and Ukraine. Plus there was evidence of US involvement in Ukraine's "Maidan Uprising" which began in November 2013 and which saw the toppling of the pro-Russian president Victor Yanukovych. Allegations persist that it was a CIA engineered coup.

In any case the Kremlin retaliated by annexing the breakaway autonomous Crimean republic that had left Ukraine to join the Russian Federation  and by, as the author says "fomenting a war in the Donbas region of Ukraine".

Which brings us up to the current day. The Russo-Ukrainian war is not exclusively, or even mainly, about Putin's territorial ambitions. Haslam shows that it is much more complicated than this and that the origins lie on the other side of the Atlantic. It is an interesting perspective and a fascinating read.

Tories in disarray

There’s gloom and doom in the Tory ranks following the defection of Robert Jenrick to the Faragist camp. Jenrick defected to Reform UK last week after Tory leader Kemi Badenoch sacked him from the shadow cabinet saying she had “irrefutable evidence” that here shadow justice secretary was plotting to jump ship in most damaging way. She was speedily proved right.
Not that it will do her any good. Deeply mistrusted by the Establishment her lack-lustre leadership has failed to heal the divisions over Brexit amongst her own ranks or stem the drift to Reform amongst the old guard. Many believe the Tories will be hammered at the local and regional elections this year with  mass Tory abstentions and dissidents swinging to Reform, the Lib-Dems and the Greens.
Jenrick was the back-bench Tories favourite to challenge Badenoch. But it was a gamble he clearly wasn’t going to risk taking. A careerist, and indeed a Remainer when David Cameron was in charge, Jenrick now poses as a ranting Faragist Brexiteer to prolong his political career in Parliament.
Workers have no interest in who leads Reform or the Conservative & Unionist Party. What we are concerned about is building the resistance to war, austerity and racism.  
The history of humanity is a history of exploitation and class struggle. For century after century working people – the slaves, the peasants, the artisans – dreamt of justice and equality. But in the modern era with the rise of the working class and the development of scientific socialism it is now possible not only to dream of a better world but also to concretely build it.
The imperialists think that their guns will ensure that they can ignore the will of the people for as long as they like. But they were proved wrong in the 20th century and they will be proved wrong today. The days when people listened to the rich men, who told us that the greatest virtue of humanity was the possession of the largest amount of money, are over.
Great mass movements are again sweeping the continents. The masses are demanding social justice, democratic rights and an end to exploitation. It’s capitalism that’s finished – not us. 
Everywhere we look in the capitalist world we see unemployment, homelessness, poverty, drug abuse and crime. The symptoms of industrial decline, inflationary pressures, stock market volatility and economic stagnation. This is capitalism. And working people are being made to carry the burden of its failure.
Socialism can end all this. Only through socialism can the will of the masses, the overwhelming majority of the people, be carried out. Only socialism and mass democracy – not the sham democracy of the bourgeoisie or the myths of the social democrats – end the class system and free working people from their slavery. Socialism must be put back on the workers’ agenda.

Marxist spotlight from India

by Robin MacGregor

Revolutionary Democracy new series Vol. II; No. 2 (October 2025) £7.50 including p&p from NCP Lit, PO Box 73, London SW11 2PQ

 

 The October 2025 issue of Revolutionary Democracy has safely arrived in London for New Worker readers to acquire their own copy. It contains the usual mixture of material on past and present South Asian politics, archival material and statements from Conference of Marxist-Leninist Parties and Organisations’ members on various issues such Bolivia and the Middle East. 

 In the first category there is an interesting short piece on overthrow of the Maoist Nepali government which is blamed on “the old elites of Nepal, the military bureaucracy complex, hiding under the banner of the youth protest”. A regular RD contributor, C N Subramaniam writes on the BJP Government’s drastic watering down of India’s labour laws. A shorter piece describes the same government’s disenfranchising masses in the state of Bihar by demanding that potential voters present a plethora of documents to get on the electoral role. These new regulations were introduced because the BJP failed to secure a majority in the Hindi speaking state. This would never happen in Britain where Sir Keir Starmer simply cancels those elections he knows he will lose. 

 Much of this issue is devoted to the life and times of Badruddin Umar (1931-2025), an Oxford educated veteran of the Bangladesh communist movement. His politically engaged family emigrated from India to what was then East Pakistan in 1951 to escape the post-Independence communal violence. His career as a lecturer in several universities was abandoned in favour of political activism. Among other things he edited the East Pakistan Communist Party (ML)’s weekly and was president of the Bangladesh Peasant Federation. He long opposed the country’s ruling Awami League and the welcoming of multinational corporations who developed the country’s highly exploitative garment industry. He was also no friend of the present regime, a fact made evident in his own article on the Post-July uprising in Bangladesh.

 Of specialist issue are two articles devoted to the 1975 resignation of the first General Secretary of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) and the political lessons which are to be learnt from that episode. Another is an interesting review of a book entitled Stalin and Indonesia. Soviet Policy Towards Indonesia, originally published in Russian 22 years ago, that provides a useful summary of a neglected but important topic.

This long-standing Indian Marxist journal supports a particularly dogmatic trend in the world communist movement and so it’s not surprising to see that nature of the Chinese state is the focus of an article entitled Capitalism with Chinese Characteristics by the New York based Towards Marxist Leninist Unity group. Less controversial is a shorter piece equally appropriately entitled Trump is a continuation of the politics of imperialism, albeit in decline as well as a topical article on Developments in the Middle East by Hamma Hammami from the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP).

 Another instalment of extracts from a 1937 Soviet book by A V Shchegolov on the Soviet philosopher Alexander Bogdanov (1973-1928) is provided while the main archival material in this issue concerns talks held between Joseph Stalin and Kim Il Sung held in both 1949 and 1952. 

 These are prefaced by an introductory article by RD Editor Vijay Singh in which he claims the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) never became a proper dictatorship of the proletariat because is allowed rich peasants to be involved in co-operative farms. This is a controversial point which the UK Korean Friendship Association took issue with in a substantial critique in a December 2025 blog posting. 

 The March 1949 talks were largely concerned with previous and future Soviet aid to the DPRK was discussed. The the military strength of the DPRK, which was to be a vital matter the next year was also discussed. In September 1952 the talks, which also included the Chinese, were more urgent due to the war against the Americans being in progress. Here the military situation is discussed in detail, along with essential Soviet and Chinese aid which finally ensured a humiliating defeat for the Americans, something for which they have never forgiven the Korean people.

 We also get a 1944 letter from Josip Broz Tito, the head of the Yugoslav resistance during the Second World War, to the Bulgarian communist leader Georgi Dimitrov about the progress of the national liberation struggles in the Balkans.

 Finally, this issue continues with publishing documents relating to relations between the Soviet party and the Communist Party of India. In this case 1952 discussions related to the Indian parties internal troubles and its political strategy.  Regardless of the merit some of the viewpoints expressed here this issue provides much useful information and food for thought.  

Revolutionary Democracy is a half-yearly theoretical and political journal from India. It contains material on the problems facing the communist movement, particularly relating to Russia, China and India, the origins of modern revisionism, the restoration of capitalism in the USSR and developments in the international communist movement.

Stand by Venezuela!

Last year Donald Trump told the world he deserved to get the Nobel Peace Prize. A few weeks ago he dubbed himself the “President of Peace”. Now he seems to have had second thoughts. He’s kicked off the New Year by raiding Caracas to seize the Venezuelan leader for a show trial in New York on trumped up charges of drug trafficking. He says he’s going to “run” Venezuela and take all their oil. He tells us that Colombia and Cuba are next on the list along with Greenland, which is an autonomous part of Denmark – an American ally and member of NATO. He justifies all this by saying he’s applying a modernised version of the Monroe Doctrine of 1823, which asserts Washington’s “right” to control the entire Western Hemisphere, that he now modestly calls the “Donroe” doctrine.

We’ll he can kiss his Nobel prize goodbye though this immensely vain man doubtless now imagines that throwing his weight around in the Caribbean puts him in the same league as Alexander the Great and Napoleon. Others dismiss him as a senile old man with delusions of grandeur. But at the end of the day it’s not what Trump thinks that counts – it’s what those who put him back into the White House want.
The Trump administration seeks to “Make America Great Again”, largely at the expense of its own allies, and boost American manufacturing through tariffs and protectionism while using secret diplomacy, military force and economic blackmail to achieve its goals. Gone are the days of the “West”, the “special relationship” and the “new world order”. British and Franco-German imperialism once believed that accepting American leadership would give them a share of the spoils.  But the “West” has gone. They can scrabble around with their “coalition of the willing” all they like. They’ll get nothing from Trump & Co.
American “isolationism” means Big Oil, Silicon Valley, Aerospace and the rest of their manufacturing sector. It’s the other side of the reactionary coin – the thinking of those sections of the American ruling class that realise that world domination is beyond their grasp and so seek to restore their hegemony in the Americas  and much of the Global South while maintaining their control of the world’s oil and energy market. But even this may soon prove to be beyond their reach.
When the Americans moved to normalise relations with People’s China in 1972 the Chinese side stressed that “wherever there is oppression, there is resistance. Countries want independence, nations want liberation and the people want revolution – this has become the irresistible trend of history”.
It was true then and it’s true now. Most of the Donbas is free. The Ukrainian fascists are on their last legs. The Israelis have failed to crush the Palestinian resistance in Gaza. The Venezuelan government has not collapsed. 
The world communist movement says imperialist aggression must be confronted. Maduro must be immediately and unconditionally freed and all the revolutionary, working-class and popular forces of the world must mobilise and express active solidarity with the Venezuelan people resisting American aggression.

Down with the Imperialist boot in Venezuela and Latin America!

Joint Statement by Communist and Workers’ Parties

 
The undersigned Communist and Workers’ Parties strongly condemn the criminal bombings carried out by the United States against the city of Caracas and other areas of Venezuela in the early hours of 3 January. This military imperialist attack constitutes a serious violation of the sovereignty of an independent state and is directed against the interests of the people of Venezuela and other peoples of the region. 
The operation included the illegal and violent arrest, transfer, and imprisonment in the USA of Nicolás Maduro and Cilia Flores, an unacceptable and reprehensible act that violates every concept of international law, effectively rendering it meaningless. Consequently, we demand his immediate release. 
This attack is not an isolated incident, but rather the culmination of years of sanctions, threats, blockades, and destabilization efforts. The real objective was never the defence of human rights, nor the supposed fight against drug trafficking, nor the rhetoric of “democracy”, all of which serve merely as pretexts. The true aim has been the direct imposition of the geopolitical and economic interests of US imperialism in Venezuela and the region, within the context of the struggle among capitalist powers for control over energy resources, strategic raw materials, trade routes, and markets. 
In a cynical and shameless manner, Donald Trump declared that the United States would "run" Venezuela until a so-called “transition” was completed. This statement exposes the imperialist nature of his plan and confirms the real motives behind this aggression: the control of Venezuela’s oil and natural resources and the imposition of his plan for economic, political, and military control over the entire continent. We categorically reject this plan of imposition and this so-called democracy enforced through the use of armed force. 
We warn that Venezuela is being used as an example, and that a strong response is required to confront imperialist aggression, which has been carried out in such a brutal manner and with barbaric military means against the people of Venezuela and all the peoples of Latin America and the Caribbean. 
We demand an immediate end to the military aggression against Venezuela, the withdrawal of US troops from the Caribbean, and full respect for the sovereignty, self-determination, and territorial integrity of the Venezuelan people.
We call upon the revolutionary, working-class, and popular forces of the world to mobilize and express active solidarity with Venezuela against this new bellicose escalation of attacks by US imperialism. 
We condemn the direct threats issued by US Secretary of State Marco Rubio against Cuba following the intervention in Venezuela, and we express our solidarity with the people and the Communist Party of Cuba. 
 
Unity of the peoples against imperialist barbarity! 
Proletarians of all countries, unite! 

 
SolidNet Parties signing the Joint Statement
 

1. PADS, Algeria
2. Communist Party of Australia
3. Party of Labour of Austria
4. Communist Party of Bangladesh
5. Brazilian Communist Party
6. Communist Party of Britain
7. New Communist Party of Britain
8. Communist Party of Canada
9. Socialist Workers' Party of Croatia
10. Communist Party of Bohemia & Moravia
11. Communist Party of Denmark
12. Communist Party of Ecuador
13. Egyptian Communist Party
14. Communist Party of El Salvador
15. Communist Party of Greece
16. Communist Party of India 
17. Iraqi Communist Party
18. Communist party of Kurdistan-Iraq 
19. Tudeh Party of Iran
20. Communist Party of Ireland
21. Workers Party of Ireland
22. Communist Party of Israel
23. Jordanian Communist Party
24. Socialist Movement of Kazakhstan
25. Lebanese Communist Party
26. Communist Party of Mexico
27. New Communist Party of the Netherlands
28. Communist Party of Norway
29. Paraguayan Communist Party
30. Palestinian Communist Party
31. Palestinian People Party
32. Romanian Socialist Party
33. Communists of Serbia
34. Communist Party of the Workers of Spain
35. Sudanese Communist Party
36. Communist Party of Sweden
37. Swiss Communist Party
38. Syrian Communist Party
39. Syrian Communist Party [Unified]
40. Communist Party of Turkey
41. Communist Party of Ukraine
42. Union of communists of Ukraine
43. Communist Party USA
44. Communist Party of Venezuela

 

Other Parties

1. Argentinian Communist Party
2. New Communist Party of Australia
3. Revolutionary Brazilian Communist Party
4. Patriotic Movement Manuel Rodríguez, Chile
5. National Commission for the Reorganization of the Communist Party of Ecuador
6. Revolutionary Communist Party of France
7. Revolutionary Party - Communists (France)
8. Communist Party (Germany)
9. Communist Front (Italy)
10. Organisation of Communists, Russia
11. Russian Communist Party (Internationalists)
12. Communist Workers' Platform USA